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| LT1790 Micropower SOT-23 Low Dropout Reference Family FEATURES s DESCRIPTIO s s s s s s s s High Accuracy: A Grade--0.05% Max B Grade--0.1% Max Low Drift: A Grade--10ppm/C Max B Grade--25ppm/C Max Low Profile (1mm) ThinSOTTM Package Low Supply Current: 60A Max Sinks and Sources Current Low Dropout Voltage Guaranteed Operational -40C to 125C Wide Supply Range to 18V Available Output Voltage Options: 1.25V, 2.048V, 2.5V, 3V, 3.3V, 4.096V and 5V The LT(R)1790 is a family of SOT-23 micropower low dropout series references that combine high accuracy and low drift with low power dissipation and small package size. These micropower references use curvature compensation to obtain a low temperature coefficient and trimmed precision thin-film resistors to achieve high output accuracy. In addition, each LT1790 is post-package trimmed to greatly reduce the temperature coefficient and increase the output accuracy. Output accuracy is further assured by excellent line and load regulation. Special care has been taken to minimize thermally induced hysteresis. The LT1790s are ideally suited for battery-operated systems because of their small size, low supply current and reduced dropout voltage. These references provide supply current and power dissipation advantages over shunt references that must idle the entire load current to operate. Since the LT1790 can also sink current, it can operate as a micropower negative voltage reference with the same performance as a positive reference. , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. ThinSOT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. APPLICATIO S s s s s s Handheld Instruments Negative Voltage References Industrial Control Systems Data Acquisition Systems Battery-Operated Equipment TYPICAL APPLICATIO Typical VOUT Distribution for LT1790-2.5 50 45 167 UNITS Positive Connection for LT1790-2.5 NUMBER OF UNITS 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2.498 2.6V VIN 18V 0.1F 4 LT1790-2.5 1, 2 6 1F VOUT = 2.5V 1790 TA01 U LT1790B LIMITS LT1790A LIMITS 2.499 2.500 2.501 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.502 1790 TA02 U U 1790fa 1 LT1790 ABSOLUTE AXI U RATI GS Input Voltage .......................................................... 20V Specified Temperature Range Commercial ............................................ 0C to 70C Industrial ............................................ - 40C to 85C Output Short-Circuit Duration ......................... Indefinite PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO ORDER PART NUMBER LT1790ACS6-1.25 LT1790BCS6-1.25 LT1790ACS6-2.048 LT1790BCS6-2.048 LT1790ACS6-2.5 LT1790BCS6-2.5 LT1790ACS6-3 LT1790BCS6-3 LT1790ACS6-3.3 LT1790BCS6-3.3 LT1790ACS6-4.096 LT1790BCS6-4.096 LT1790ACS6-5 LT1790BCS6-5 LT1790AIS6-1.25 LT1790BIS6-1.25 LT1790AIS6-2.048 LT1790BIS6-2.048 LT1790AIS6-2.5 LT1790BIS6-2.5 LT1790AIS6-3 LT1790BIS6-3 LT1790AIS6-3.3 LT1790BIS6-3.3 LT1790AIS6-4.096 LT1790BIS6-4.096 LT1790AIS6-5 LT1790BIS6-5 TOP VIEW GND 1 GND 2 DNC* 3 6 VOUT 5 DNC* 4 VIN S6 PACKAGE 6-LEAD PLASTIC SOT-23 TJMAX = 150C, JA = 230C/W *DNC: DO NOT CONNECT * The temperature grades and parametric grades are identified by a label on the shipping container. Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. AVAILABLE OPTIO S TEMPERATURE RANGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE 1.250V 2.048V 2.500V 3.000V 3.300V 4.096V 5.000V INITIAL ACCURACY 0.05% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1% TEMPERATURE COEFFICEINT 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 10ppm/C 25ppm/C 0C to 70C ORDER PART NUMBER LT1790ACS6-1.25 LT1790BCS6-1.25 LT1790ACS6-2.048 LT1790BCS6-2.048 LT1790ACS6-2.5 LT1790BCS6-2.5 LT1790ACS6-3 LT1790BCS6-3 LT1790ACS6-3.3 LT1790BCS6-3.3 LT1790ACS6-4.096 LT1790BCS6-4.096 LT1790ACS6-5 LT1790BCS6-5 - 40C to 85C ORDER PART NUMBER LT1790AIS6-1.25 LT1790BIS6-1.25 LT1790AIS6-2.048 LT1790BIS6-2.048 LT1790AIS6-2.5 LT1790BIS6-2.5 LT1790AIS6-3 LT1790BIS6-3 LT1790AIS6-3.3 LT1790BIS6-3.3 LT1790AIS6-4.096 LT1790BIS6-4.096 LT1790AIS6-5 LT1790BIS6-5 1790fa 2 U U W WW U U W (Note 1) Operating Temperature Range (Note 2) ........................................... - 40C to 125C Storage Temperature Range (Note 3) ........................................... - 65C to 150C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)................. 300C OUTPUT VOLTAGE 1.250V 2.048V 2.500V 3.000V 3.300V 4.096V 5.000V S6 PART MARKING* LTXT LTXU LTPZ LTQA LTXW LTQB LTQC LT1790 1.25V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 2.6V VIN 18V The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 2.6V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 1.24937 -0.05 1.24875 -0.10 q q q q q q q q q q q TYP 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 MAX 1.25062 0.05 1.25125 0.10 1.25150 0.120 1.25219 0.175 1.25344 0.275 1.25516 0.4125 10 25 170 220 160 250 180 250 2.15 2.50 2.90 2.95 60 75 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA V V V V A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 1.24850 -0.120 1.24781 -0.175 1.24656 -0.275 1.24484 -0.4125 5 12 50 100 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA, VIN = 2.8V q IOUT Sink = 1mA, VIN = 3.2V q 120 Minimum Operating Voltage (Note 7) VIN, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 1mA q q q 1.95 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 250 10 14 50 q q VOUT = - 1.25V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 1790fa 3 LT1790 2.048V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 2.8V VIN 18V The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 2.8V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 2.04697 -0.05 2.04595 -0.10 q q q q q q q q q q q TYP 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 MAX 2.04902 0.05 2.05005 0.10 2.05046 0.120 2.05158 0.175 2.05363 0.275 2.05645 0.4125 10 25 170 220 200 280 260 450 100 500 750 450 60 75 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA mV mV mV mV A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 2.04554 -0.120 2.04442 -0.175 2.04237 -0.275 2.03955 -0.4125 5 12 50 120 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA q IOUT Sink = 3mA q 130 Dropout Voltage (Note 7) VIN - VOUT, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 3mA q q q 50 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 350 22 41 50 q q VOUT = - 2.048V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 1790fa 4 LT1790 2.5V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 3V VIN 18V The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 3V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 2.49875 -0.05 2.4975 -0.10 q q q q q q q q q q q TYP 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 MAX 2.50125 0.05 2.5025 0.10 2.5030 0.120 2.50438 0.175 2.50688 0.275 2.51031 0.4125 10 25 170 220 160 250 110 300 100 120 450 250 60 80 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA mV mV mV mV A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 2.4970 -0.120 2.49563 -0.175 2.49313 -0.275 2.48969 -0.4125 5 12 50 80 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA q IOUT Sink = 3mA q 70 Dropout Voltage (Note 7) VIN - VOUT, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 3mA q q q 50 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 700 32 48 50 q q VOUT = - 2.5V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 1790fa 5 LT1790 3V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 3.5V VIN 18V The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 3.5V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 2.9985 -0.05 2.9970 -0.10 q q q q q q q q q q q TYP 3 3 3 3 3 3 MAX 3.0015 0.05 3.003 0.10 3.00360 0.120 3.00525 0.175 3.00825 0.275 3.01238 0.4125 10 25 170 220 160 250 110 300 100 120 450 250 60 80 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA mV mV mV mV A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 2.99640 -0.120 2.99475 -0.175 2.99175 -0.275 2.98763 -0.4125 5 12 50 80 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA q IOUT Sink = 3mA q 70 Dropout Voltage (Note 7) VIN - VOUT, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 3mA q q q 50 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 700 50 56 50 q q VOUT = - 3V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 1790fa 6 LT1790 3.3V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 3.8V VIN 18V q q q q q q q q q q q The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 3.8V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 3.29835 -0.05 3.2967 -0.10 3.29604 -0.120 3.29423 -0.175 3.29093 -0.275 3.28639 -0.4125 TYP 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 MAX 3.30165 0.05 3.3033 0.10 3.30396 0.120 3.30578 0.175 3.30908 0.275 3.31361 0.4125 10 25 170 220 160 250 110 300 100 120 450 250 60 80 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA mV mV mV mV A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 5 12 50 80 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA q IOUT Sink = 3mA q 70 Dropout Voltage (Note 7) VIN - VOUT, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 3mA q q q 50 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 700 50 67 50 q q VOUT = - 3.3V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 1790fa 7 LT1790 4.096V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 4.6V VIN 18V The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 4.6V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 4.094 -0.05 4.092 -0.10 q q q q q q q q q q q TYP 4.096 4.096 4.096 4.096 4.096 4.096 MAX 4.098 0.05 4.10 0.10 4.10092 0.120 4.10317 0.175 4.10726 0.275 4.11290 0.4125 10 25 170 220 160 250 110 300 100 120 450 250 60 80 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA mV mV mV mV A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 4.09108 -0.120 4.08883 -0.175 4.08474 -0.275 4.07910 -0.4125 5 12 50 80 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA q IOUT Sink = 3mA q 70 Dropout Voltage (Note 7) VIN - VOUT, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 3mA q q q 50 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 700 60 89 50 q q VOUT = - 4.096V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 1790fa 8 LT1790 5V ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Output Voltage (Notes 3, 4) CONDITIONS LT1790A LT1790B LT1790AC LT1790AI LT1790BC LT1790BI Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient (Note 5) TMIN TA TMAX LT1790A LT1790B 5.5V VIN 18V The q denotes specifications that apply over the specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. CL = 1F and VIN = 5.5V, unless otherwise noted. MIN 4.9975 -0.05 4.995 -0.10 q q q q q q q q q q q TYP 5 5 5 5 5 5 MAX 5.0025 0.05 5.005 0.10 5.00600 0.120 5.00875 0.175 5.01375 0.275 5.02063 0.4125 10 25 170 220 160 250 110 300 100 120 450 250 60 80 125 UNITS V % V % V % V % V % V % ppm/C ppm/C ppm/V ppm/V ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA ppm/mA mV mV mV mV A A A s VP-P VRMS ppm/kHr ppm ppm 4.99400 -0.120 4.99125 -0.175 4.98625 -0.275 4.97938 -0.4125 5 12 50 80 Line Regulation Load Regulation (Note 6) IOUT Source = 5mA q IOUT Sink = 3mA q 70 Dropout Voltage (Note 7) VIN - VOUT, VOUT = 0.1% IOUT = 0mA IOUT Source = 5mA IOUT Sink = 3mA q q q 50 Supply Current Minimum Operating Current-- Negative Output (See Figure 7) Turn-On Time Output Noise (Note 8) Long-Term Drift of Output Voltage (Note 9) Hysteresis (Note 10) No Load q 35 100 700 80 118 50 q q VOUT = - 5V, 0.1% CLOAD = 1F 0.1Hz f 10Hz 10Hz f 1kHz T = 0C to 70C T = - 40C to 85C 40 100 Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of the device may be impaired. Note 2: The LT1790 is guaranteed functional over the operating temperature range of - 40C to 125C. The LT1790-1.25 at 125C is typically less than 2% above the nominal voltage. The other voltage options are typically less than 0.25% above their nominal voltage. Note 3: If the part is stored outside of the specified temperature range, the output voltage may shift due to hysteresis. Note 4: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) sensitive device. Extensive use of ESD protection devices are used internal to the LT1790, however, high electrostatic discharge can damage or degrade the device. Use proper ESD handling precautions. Note 5: Temperature coefficient is measured by dividing the change in output voltage by the specified temperature range. Incremental slope is also measured at 25C. Note 6: Load regulation is measured on a pulse basis from no load to the specified load current. Output changes due to die temperature change must be taken into account separately. Note 7: Excludes load regulation errors. Note 8: Peak-to-peak noise is measured with a single pole highpass filter at 0.1Hz and a 2-pole lowpass filter at 10Hz. The unit is enclosed in a still air environment to eliminate thermocouple effects on the leads. The test time is 10 seconds. Integrated RMS noise is measured from 10Hz to 1kHz with the HP3561A analyzer. 1790fa 9 LT1790 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Note 9: Long-term drift typically has a logarithmic characteristic and therefore changes after 1000 hours tend to be smaller than before that time. Long-term drift is affected by differential stress between the IC and the board material created during board assembly. See Applications Information. Note 10: Hysteresis in the output voltage is created by package stress that differs depending on whether the IC was previously at a higher or lower temperature. Output voltage is always measured at 25C, but the IC is cycled to 85C or - 40C before a successive measurements. Hysteresis is roughly proportional to the square of the temperature change. Hysteresis is not a problem for operational temperature excursions where the instrument might be stored at high or low temperature. See Applications Information. 1.25V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sourcing) 10 Output Voltage Temperature Drift 1.253 1.252 FOUR TYPICAL PARTS VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (V) OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.251 1.250 1.249 1.248 1.247 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 TEMPERATURE (C) 90 110 17091.25 G01 Load Regulation (Sourcing) 0 TA = -55C OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -2000 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17901.25 G04 SUPPLY CURRENT (A) TA = 25C TA = 125C 10 UW 1 0.1 Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sinking) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 100A 1mA 5mA TA = 125C TA = -55C TA = 25C 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 INPUT-OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.5 0 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17091.25 G03 17901.25 G02 Load Regulation (Sinking) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.1 TA = 125C TA = 25C 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17901.25 G05 Supply Current vs Input Voltage 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 15 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 20 17901.25 G06 TA = -55C TA = 25C TA = -55C TA = 125C 1790fa LT1790 1.25V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. Power Supply Rejection Ratio vs Frequency 10 TA = 125C Line Regulation 1.285 1.280 1.275 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO (dB) 1.270 1.265 1.260 1.255 1.250 1.245 1.240 1.235 1.230 1.225 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 17901.25. G07 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 17901.25 G08 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE () TA = 25C TA = -55C - 1.25V Characteristics 0.30 R1 10k 4 3V 6 VOUT 1F 0.25 CURRENT IN RL (mA) LT1790-1.25 1 2 RL 5k -VEE 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 -2.5 80 60 40 20 TA = 25C TA = 125C TA = -55C 0 -20 -40 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 OUTPUT TO GROUND VOLTAGE (V) 0 -60 0 200 600 400 HOURS 800 OUTPUT NOISE (5V/DIV) ppm 17091.25 G10 Output Voltage Noise Spectrum 5.0 4.5 NOISE VOLTAGE (V/Hz) CL = 1F INTEGRATED NOISE (VRMS) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 10 IO = 1mA 100 1k FREQUENCY (Hz) 10k 17901.25 G13 IO = 100A IO = 0A IO = 250A UW -10 140 Output Impedance vs Frequency 500 VIN = 3V CL = 0.47F VIN = 3V 0 CL = 1F 100 10 CL = 4.7F CL = 1F 1 0 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k 17901.25 G09 Long-Term Drift (Data Points Reduced After 500 Hr) LT1790S6-1.25V 120 2 TYPICAL PARTS SOLDERED TO PCB TA = 30C 100 Output Noise 0.1Hz to 10Hz 1000 0 1 2 3 456 TIME (SEC) 7 8 9 10 17901.25 G10 17901.2 G12 Integrated Noise 10Hz to 1kHz 100 10 1 10 100 FREQUENCY (Hz) 1000 LT1790 G01 1790fa 11 LT1790 2.048V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sourcing) 10 TA = 25C OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) TA = 125C VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (mV) 130 110 90 70 5mA 50 1mA 30 10 -10 -30 100A Output Voltage Temperature Drift 2.056 FOUR TYPICAL PARTS 2.054 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.052 2.050 2.048 2.046 2.044 2.042 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17902.048 G01 Load Regulation (Sourcing) 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -2000 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17902.048 G04 TA = -55C TA = 25C TA = 125C OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) TA = 125C TA = 25C TA = -40C SUPPLY CURRENT (A) Line Regulation 2.054 POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO (dB) 2.052 TA = 125C OUTPUT IMPEDANCE () OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.050 2.048 2.046 2.044 2.042 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 17902.048 G07 TA = 25C TA = -55C 12 UW 1 0.1 0 2000 1800 1600 Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sinking) TA = -55C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 INPUT-OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.7 -50 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17902.048 G03 17902.048 G02 Load Regulation (Sinking) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Supply Current vs Input Voltage TA = -55C TA = 25C TA = 125C 20 10 0 0 5 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 15 20 17902.048 G06 10 17902.048 G05 Power Supply Rejection Ratio vs Frequency 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 17902.048 G08 Output Impedance vs Frequency 1000 CL = 1F CL = 0.47F 100 10 CL = 4.7F CL = 1F 1 10k 100k 1M FREQUENCY (Hz) 10M 17902.048 G09 1790fa LT1790 2.048V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. - 2.048V Characteristics 0.30 R1 10k 4 3V 6 VOUT 1F 0.25 LT1790-2.048 1 2 RL 5k -VEE CURRENT IN RL (mA) 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 ppm TA = 125C TA = 25C TA = -55C 0 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 OUTPUT TO GROUND VOLTAGE (V) Output Noise 0.1Hz to 10Hz 10 9 OUTPUT NOISE (10V/DIV) NOISE VOLTAGE (V/Hz) 0 1 2 3 456 TIME (SEC) INTEGRATED NOISE (VRMS) UW 7 8 Long-Term Drift 100 TA = 30C 80 2 TYPICAL PARTS SOLDERED TO PCB 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 0 200 600 400 HOURS 800 1000 17092.048 G10 17901.048 G11 Output Voltage Noise Spectrum CL = 1F 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IO = 1mA 10 100 1k FREQUENCY (Hz) 10k 17902.048 G13 IO = 100A IO = 0A IO = 250A 9 10 17902.048 G12 Integrated Noise 10Hz to 1kHz 100 10 1 10 100 FREQUENCY (Hz) 1000 LT1790 G02 1790fa 13 LT1790 2.5V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sourcing) 10 90 70 50 30 10 -10 -30 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17902.5 G03 Output Voltage Temperature Drift 2.508 2.506 2.504 2.502 2.500 2.498 2.496 2.494 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17902.5 G01 FOUR TYPICAL PARTS TA = -55C TA = 125C TA = 25C 1 VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (mV) OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) Load Regulation (Sourcing) 0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -2000 0.1 TA = 25C TA = -55C TA = 125C 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 TA = -55C SUPPLY CURRENT (A) 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17902.5 G04 Line Regulation 2.515 TA = 125C 2.510 POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO (dB) OUTPUT IMPEDANCE () OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.505 TA = 25C 2.500 2.495 2.490 2.489 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 17902.5 G07 TA = -55C 14 UW Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sinking) 100A 1mA 5mA 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 INPUT-OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.6 17902.5 G02 Load Regulation (Sinking) 2000 1800 1600 Supply Current vs Input Voltage 80 70 60 50 TA = 25C 40 30 TA = 125C 20 10 TA = -55C TA = 125C TA = 25C 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17902.5 G05 0 0.1 0 0 5 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 15 20 17902.5 G06 Power Supply Rejection Ratio vs Frequency 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 17902.5 G08 Output Impedance vs Frequency 1000 CL = 1F CL = 0.47F CL = 1F 100 CL = 4.7F 10 1 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k 17902.5 G09 1790fa LT1790 2.5V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. Long-Term Drift (Data Points Reduced After 500 Hr) 140 R1 10k 4 3V 6 VOUT 1F - 2.5V Characteristics 0.30 0.25 CURRENT IN RL (mA) 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 ppm 0 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 OUTPUT TO GROUND VOLTAGE (V) Output Noise 0.1Hz to 10Hz 10 OUTPUT NOISE (10V/DIV) NOISE VOLTAGE (V/Hz) 0 1 2 3 456 TIME (SEC) INTEGRATED NOISE (VRMS) UW LT1790-2.5 1, 2 RL 5k -VEE TA = 30C 120 2 TYPICAL PARTS SOLDERED TO PCB 100 80 60 40 20 0 TA = 25C TA = 125C TA = -55C 0 -20 -40 -60 0 200 600 400 HOURS 800 1000 17902.5 G11 17902.5 G10 Output Voltage Noise Spectrum CL = 1F 8 6 IO = 0A IO = 250A 4 IO = 1mA 2 0 7 8 9 10 10 100 1k FREQUENCY (Hz) 10k 1790 G05 17901.5 G12 Integrated Noise 10Hz to 1kHz 100 10 1 10 100 FREQUENCY (Hz) 1000 LT1790 G03 1790fa 15 LT1790 5V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sourcing) 10 90 70 Output Voltage Temperature Drift 5.025 5.020 FOUR TYPICAL PARTS OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 5.015 5.010 5.005 5.000 4.995 4.990 4.985 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17905 G01 VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (mV) Load Regulation (Sourcing) 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -2000 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17905 G04 TA = -55C OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) TA = 25C TA = 125C OUTPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (ppm) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.1 TA = 125C TA = 25C 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10 17905 G05 SUPPLY CURRENT (A) Line Regulation 5.04 POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO (dB) TA = 125C 5.02 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 5.00 4.98 4.96 4.94 4.92 0 2 4 TA = 25C TA = -55C -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 17905 G08 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE () 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 17905 G07 16 UW Minimum Input-Output Voltage Differential (Sinking) TA = -55C TA = 125C 1 TA = 25C 50 100A 30 10 -10 5mA -30 1mA 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 INPUT-OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.6 -50 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 TEMPERATURE (C) 17905 G03 17905 G02 Load Regulation (Sinking) 2000 1800 1600 Supply Current vs Input Voltage 80 70 60 TA = 25C 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 17905 G06 TA = -55C TA = -40C TA = 125C 15 20 Power Supply Rejection Ratio vs Frequency 20 10 0 CL = 1F 1000 Output Impedance vs Frequency CL = 0.47F 100 CL = 1F CL = 4.7F 10 1 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k 17905 G09 1790fa LT1790 5V TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Each of the voltage options have similar performance curves. For the 3V, 3.3V and the 4.096V options, the curves can be estimated based on the 2.5V and 5V curves. - 5V Characteristics 0.30 R1 10k 4 5.5V 6 VOUT 1F 0.25 CURRENT IN RL (mA) LT1790-5 1 2 RL 5k -VEE 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 ppm TA = -55C 0 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 OUTPUT TO GROUND VOLTAGE (V) Output Noise 0.1Hz to 10Hz 10 OUTPUT NOISE (20V/DIV) NOISE VOLTAGE (V/Hz) 0 1 2 3 INTEGRATED NOISE (VRMS) UW TA = 25C Long-Term Drift 100 TA = 30C 80 2 TYPICAL PARTS SOLDERED TO PCB 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 TA = 125C -60 -80 0 -100 0 200 600 400 HOURS 800 1000 17905 G11 17905 G10 Output Voltage Noise Spectrum CL = 1F 8 6 IO = 0A IO = 250A 4 IO = 1mA 2 456 TIME (SEC) 7 8 9 10 0 10 100 1k FREQUENCY (Hz) 10k 1790 G05 17905 G12 Intergrated Noise 10Hz to 1kHz 1000 100 10 1 10 100 FREQUENCY (Hz) 1000 1790 G04 1790fa 17 LT1790 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Bypass and Load Capacitors The LT1790 voltage references should have an input bypass capacitor of 0.1F or larger, however the bypassing of other local devices may serve as the required component. These references also require an output capacitor for stability. The optimum output capacitance for most applications is 1F, although larger values work as well. This capacitor affects the turn-on and settling time for the output to reach its final value. All LT1790 voltages perform virtually the same, so the LT1790-2.5 is used as an example. Figure 1 shows the turn-on time for the LT1790-2.5 with a 1F input bypass and 1F load capacitor. Figure 2 shows the output response to a 0.5V transient on VIN with the same capacitors. The test circuit of Figure 3 is used to measure the stability of various load currents. With RL = 1k, the 1V step produces a current step of 1mA. Figure 4 shows the response to a 0.5mA load. Figure 5 is the output response to a sourcing step from 4mA to 5mA, and Figure 6 is the output response of a sinking step from - 4mA to - 5mA. VGEN 3V 2V 3V 2V 1V 0V 1790 F01 Figure 1. Turn-On Characteristics of LT1790-2.5 3V 2V 1V 0V 1790 F02 Figure 2. Output Response to 0.5V Ripple on VIN VIN 3V 4 CIN 0.1F LT1790-2.5 1, 2 6 CL 1F 1k VGEN 1V 1790 F03 Figure 3. Response Time Test Circuit 1790fa 18 U VIN VIN W U U VOUT VOUT (AC COUPLED) 1790 F04 Figure 4. LT1790-2.5 Sourcing and Sinking 0.5mA VOUT VOUT (AC Coupled) VGEN -2V -3V 1790 F05 Figure 5. LT1790-2.5 Sourcing 4mA to 5mA LT1790 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VGEN 8V 6V 4V VOUT (AC Coupled) 2V 0V 1790 F06 Figure 6. LT1790-2.5 Sinking - 4mA to - 5mA Positive or Negative Operation Series operation is ideal for extending battery life. If an LT1790 is operated in series mode it does not require an external current setting resistor. The specifications guarantee that the LT1790 family operates to 18V. When the circuitry being regulated does not demand current, the series connected LT1790 consumes only a few hundred W, yet the same connection can sink or source 5mA of load current when demanded. A typical series connection is shown on the front page of this data sheet. The circuit in Figure 7 shows the connection for a - 2.5V reference, although any LT1790 voltage option can be configured this way to make a negative reference. The LT1790 can be used as very stable negative references, however, they require a positive voltage applied to Pin 4 to bias internal circuitry. This voltage must be current limited with R1 to keep the output PNP transistor from turning on and driving the grounded output. C1 provides R1 10k 3V 4 6 LT1790-2.5 1, 2 VOUT = -2.5V V - VOUT RL = EE 125A VEE CL 1F 1790 F07 C1 0.1F Figure 7. Using the LT1790-2.5 to Build a -2.5V Reference U W U U stability during load transients. This connection maintains nearly the same accuracy and temperature coefficient of the positive connected LT1790. Long-Term Drift Long-term drift cannot be extrapolated from accelerated high temperature testing. This erroneous technique gives drift numbers that are widely optimistic. The only way long-term drift can be determined is to measure it over the time interval of interest. The LT1790S6 drift data was taken on over 100 parts that were soldered into PC boards similar to a "real world" application. The boards were then placed into a constant temperature oven with TA = 30C, their outputs scanned regularly and measured with an 8.5 digit DVM. Long-term drift curves are shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics. Hysteresis Hysteresis data shown in Figures 8 and 9 represent the worst-case data taken on parts from 0C to 70C and from - 40C to 85C. Units were cycled several times over these temperature ranges and the largest change is shown. As expected, the parts cycled over the higher temperature range have higher hysteresis than those cycled over the lower range. When an LT1790 is IR reflow soldered onto a PC board, the output shift is typically just 150ppm (0.015%). Higher Input Voltage The circuit in Figure 10 shows an easy way to increase the input voltage range of the LT1790. The zener diode can be anywhere from 6V to 18V. For equal power sharing between R1 and the zener (at 30V), the 18V option is better. The circuit can tolerate much higher voltages for short periods and is suitable for transient protection. Assuming 80A max supply current for the LT1790, a 25A load, 120mV max dropout and a 4V to 30V input specification, the largest that R1 can be is (4V - 3.3V - 120mV)/(80A + 25A) = 5.5k. Furthermore, assuming 220mW of dissipation in the 18V SOT-23 zener, this gives a max current of (220mW)/(18V) = 12.2mA. So the smallest that R1 should be is (30V - 18V)/12.2mA = 1k, rated at 150mW. 1790fa 19 LT1790 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 8 7 0C TO 25C NUMBER OF UNITS NUMBER OF UNITS 6 5 70C TO 25C 4 3 2 1 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 DISTRIBUTION (ppm) 10 20 30 40 50 1790 F08 Figure 8. Worst-Case 0C to 70C Hysteresis on 30 Units 4V TO 30V R1 LT1790-3.3 BZX84C18 C1 0.1F 1F 1790 F10 Figure 10. Extended Supply Range Reference With R1 = 1k, and assuming a 450mV worst-case dropout, the LT1790 can deliver a minimum current of (4V - 3.3V- 450mV)/(1k) = 250A. In Figure 10, R1 and C1 provide filtering of the zener noise when the zener is in its noisy V-I knee. There are other variations for higher voltage operation that use a pass transistor shown in Figures 11 and 12. These circuits allow the input voltage to be as high as 160V while maintaining low supply current. More Output Current The circuit in Figure 13 is a compact, high output current, low dropout precision supply. The circuit uses the SOT-23 LT1782 and the ThinSOT LT1790. Resistive divider R1 and R2 set a voltage 22mV below VS. For under 1mA of output current, the LT1790 supplies the load. Above 1mA of load current, the (+) input of the LT1782 is pulled below the 22mV divider reference and the output FET turns on to supply the load current. Capacitor C1 stops oscillations in 20 U W U U 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -240 -200 -160 -120 -80 -40 DISTRIBUTION (ppm) 0 40 80 1790 F09 85C TO 25C -40C TO 25C Figure 9. Worst-Case -40C to 85C Hysteresis on 30 Units the transition region. The no load standing current is only 120A, yet the output can deliver over 300mA. VOUT Noise An estimate of the total integrated noise from 10Hz to 1kHz can be made by multiplying the flat band spot noise by BW. For example, from the Typical Performance Curves, the LT1790-1.25 noise spectrum shows the average spot noise to be about 450nV/Hz. The square root of the bandwidth is 990 = 31.4. The total noise 10Hz to 1kHz noise is (450nV)(31.4) = 14.1V. This agrees well with the measured noise. This estimate may not be as good with higher voltage options, there are several reasons for this. Higher voltage options have higher noise and they have higher variability due to process variations. 10Hz to 1kHz noise may vary by 2dB on the LT1790-5 and 1dB on the LT1790-2.5. Measured noise may also vary because of peaking in the noise spectrum. This effect can be seen in the range of 1kHz to 10kHz with all voltage options sourcing different load currents. From the Typical Performance Curves the 10Hz to 1kHz noise spectrum of the LT1790-5 is shown to be 3V/Hz at low frequency. The estimated noise is (3V)(31.4) = 93.4V. The actual integrated 10Hz to 1kHz noise measures 118.3V. The peaking shown causes this larger number. Peaking is a function of output capacitor as well as load current and process variations. 1790fa LT1790 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION R1 330k BZX84C12 C1 0.1F LT1790 C2 1F 1790 F11 R2 4.7k VS 6V TO 160V ON SEMI MMBT5551 Figure 11. Extended Supply Range Reference VS 2.8V TO 3.3V NO LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT 120A R1 680 5% R2 100k 5% LT1790-2.5 C2 1F 17909 F13 Figure 13. Compact, High Output Current, Low Dropout, Precison 2.5V Supply U W U U ON SEMI MMBT5551 VOUT R1 330k C1 0.1F VS 6.5V TO 160V BAV99 LT1790 C2 1F 1790 F12 VOUT Figure 12. Extended Supply Range Reference R3 22 5% + LT1782 R4 1k 5% VISHAY SILICONIX Si3445DV - C1 0.1F VOUT = 2.5V ILOAD = 0mA to 300mA NOTE: NOT CURRENT LIMITED 1790fa 21 LT1790 SI PLIFIED SCHE ATIC 4 VIN 22 W W 6 VOUT 1, 2 GND 1790 SS 1790fa LT1790 PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO SOT-23 (Original) A A1 A2 L .90 - 1.45 (.035 - .057) .00 - 0.15 (.00 - .006) .90 - 1.30 (.035 - .051) .35 - .55 (.014 - .021) SOT-23 (ThinSOT) 1.00 MAX (.039 MAX) .01 - .10 (.0004 - .004) .80 - .90 (.031 - .035) .30 - .50 REF (.012 - .019 REF) 2.60 - 3.00 (.102 - .118) 1.50 - 1.75 (.059 - .069) (NOTE 3) PIN ONE ID .20 (.008) DATUM `A' A A2 L NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 4. DIMENSIONS ARE INCLUSIVE OF PLATING 5. DIMENSIONS ARE EXCLUSIVE OF MOLD FLASH AND METAL BURR 6. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED .254mm 7. PACKAGE EIAJ REFERENCE IS: SC-74A (EIAJ) FOR ORIGINAL JEDEC MO-193 FOR THIN Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. U S6 Package 6-Lead Plastic SOT-23 (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1636) 2.80 - 3.10 (.110 - .118) (NOTE 3) .95 (.037) REF .25 - .50 (.010 - .020) (6PLCS, NOTE 2) .09 - .20 (.004 - .008) (NOTE 2) 1.90 (.074) REF A1 S6 SOT-23 0401 1790fa 23 LT1790 TYPICAL APPLICATIO RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER LT1019 LTC 1798 LT1460 LT1461 (R) DESCRIPTION Precision Reference Micropower Low Dropout Reference Micropower Precison Series Reference Micropower Precision Low Dropout Reference 24 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 q FAX: (408) 434-0507 q U - 2.5V Negative 50mA Series Reference No Load Supply Current ICC = 1.6mA IEE = 440A VCC = 5V 2k 4 VZ = 5.1V 5.1k LT1790-2.5 1, 2 6 VEE = -5V MPS2907A 1F 1790 TA03 -2.5V 50mA COMMENTS Low Noise Bandgap, 0.05%, 5ppm/C 0.15% Max, 6.5A Supply Current Bandgap, 130A Supply Current, 10ppm/C, Available in SOT-23 Bandgap 0.04%, 3ppm/C, 50A Max Supply Current 1790fa LT/CPI 0202 1.5K REV A * PRINTED IN USA www.linear.com (c) LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2000 |
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